Definition and Examples of Discourse Markers

Muckrakers- American Journalists - 932 Words

Muckrakers According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary a muckraker is someone who â€Å"searches out and publicly exposes real or apparent misconduct of a prominent individual or business† (â€Å"Muckraker†). During the 1890s to the 1920s, muckrakers were a group of American journalists who exposed the corruption in society and informed the public about important social issues. The term muckraker originally came around when President Roosevelt gave a speech about reporters who exposed political and corporate corruption (Who Are the Muckrakers?†). There have been so many muckrakers in American history whose works have been the cause of new laws and changes; some of the most important and famous of these muckrakers were Upton Sinclair, Samuel Hopkins Adams, and Jacob Riis. The first of the muckrakers to be discussed is Jacob Riis. Riis was born and raised in Denmark, but moved to New York when he was twenty- one years old. He grew up in an impoverished household wit h fourteen other siblings; therefore, he understood the struggle of the needy that lived in New York (â€Å"Jacob Riis Muckraker†). In 1888, Riis was given a job with the New York Evening Sun as a photojournalist (â€Å"Jacob Riis†). His pictures primarily portrayed the awful living conditions of those who lived in New York’s Lower East Side (â€Å"Jacob Riis Muckraker†). In 1889, Riis became a police reporter, which exposed him to the horrid living conditions. After seeing what really went on in parts of his new hometown, he decidedShow MoreRelatedThe Progressive Era Of Social And Political Reform1177 Words   |  5 Pageseducation middle-class of urban areas. Another term used to describe these reformers is Muckrakers. Muckrakers were investigative journalists who tried to make the public aware of the problems in society that needed fixing. They stemmed from yellow journalism, which was a style of reporting that used exaggeration to attract readers. In a speech made by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906, the term muckraker was used in a derogatory way, he â€Å" borrowed the word from John Bunyan s Puritan storyRead MoreIda Tarbell s Influence On American History1448 Words   |  6 PagesIda Tarbell Throughout her lifetime, Ida Tarbell served as an outspoken, strong-willed and controversial figure in American History. Her harsh exposà ©s of the Standard Oil Company in McClure’s magazine, later culminated into The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) earned her volumes of attention as an investigative journalist, also known as a â€Å"muckraker†. As a Progressive Era reformer she acted out of her appetite to change society, and in her case, squash trusts which were hurting America’sRead MorePolitical Ideas Stemming from Darwinism624 Words   |  3 PagesAt the turn of the 20th century American citizens were faced with many inequalities and progressivism emerged as an evolutionary political response. People who considered themselves â€Å"progressives† championed many different types of changes but the fundamental tenet of any progressive was the idea that the central role of any government was to improve the quality of life for everyday c itizens. Before progressives became a powerful political force the main political ideas stemmed from Darwinist viewsRead MoreThe Rise Of The Progressive Era1418 Words   |  6 Pagesand tremendously dangerous. In the Progressive Era, influential journalists wanted to expose the government and big business of their flaws to American citizens with using factual and proven evidence against them. Muckrakers, who are journalists that seek out the truth of corruption among the government and business leaders, became well known due to how many people were amazed by the revealed injustices and dishonesty in the American industry and society. These writers uncovered many wrong doingsRead MoreThe Standard Oil Company Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe Standard Oil Trust of Ohio was and American oil producing, refining, and transporting company. It was founded in 1863 by John D. Rockefeller and lasted until 1911. During 1868, Rockefeller expanded the oil company to become the largest oil refining company in the world. In 1870, the company was renamed Standard Oil Company. After it was renamed, Rockefeller purchased most of the oil companies that were currently in business to make one large company. Rockefeller’s actions created a monopolyRead MoreUpton Sinclair and the Chicago Meat-Packing Industry1072 Words   |  5 Pagesinvestigate working conditions in Chicagos meatpacking plants, for the Socialist journal, Appeal to Reason, in 1904. The Jungle, published in 1906, is Sinclairs most popular and influential work. It is also his first of many muckraker pieces. In order to improve society, muckrakers wanted to expose any injustice on human rights or well-being. Therefore, it was Sinclairs goal to expose the harsh treatment of factory workers through The Jungle. The improvement on society, that he hoped would followRead MoreEssay about Upton Sinclair And The Chicago Meat-Packing Industry1094 Words   |  5 Pagesinvestigate working conditions in Chicagos meatpacking plants, for the Socialist journal, Appeal to Reason, in 1904. The Jungle, published in 1906, is Sinclairs most popular and influential work. It is also his first of many muckraker pieces. In order to improve society, muckrakers wanted to expose any injustice on human rights or well-being. Therefore, it was Sinclairs goal to expose the harsh treatment of factory workers through The Jungle. The improvement on society, that he hoped would followRead MoreAnalysis Of Upton Sinclair s The Jungle 811 Words   |  4 PagesMuckrakers were journalists, novelists, professors, and public intellectuals who voiced their Progressive ideas, brought exposure to the living conditions of American workers and political corruption present throughout the era. Their name of muckraker was given by President Roosevelt in a speech depicting them as people who were interested in only raking the filth with a muckrake in their hands. He supported their exposure of issues but no in the way in which they did them which he often saw as irresponsibleRead MoreThe Progressive Era ( 1900-1919 )1544 Words   |  7 Pagesprogressives believed that these changes marked the end of the old order and invited the b eginning of a new era fit for the industrial age. Others believed that these changes marked a necessity for improvement rather than complete eradication. Regardless, American citizens utilized their ability to enrich social circumstances, both politically and morally, to guarantee social justice around 1865-1929. In a general sense, the conservative goals of this period substantiated the Liberal developments passed byRead MoreThe Progressive Era Essay example1010 Words   |  5 Pagesthe people. In order to reinstate economic opportunities and to correct inequity in American life. Progressives believed that government could be used as a powerful tool for social improvement (Gillon, Matson 2009). Although the Progressive ideal was presented by numerous Progressive authors of different genre, together they all presented the impact of the economic, political, social, and moral reforms of the American Society. The Progressive authors were arranged by challenges of which they offered

Analysis Of The Painting Cathedral Street - 1270 Words

The painting â€Å"Cathedral Street, Woolloomooloo† 56x29 cm was painted by Jeffery Smart. Jeffery Smart was born in Adelaide South Australia in 1921, he attended the South Australia School of Arts Crafts, and he finished school in 1941. He had travelled and studied in Europe from 1948 to 1950. Smart was involved in many things such as making the Australia radio and television program the â€Å" Argonauts’’ and also took a role in a program under the pseudonyms â€Å" Phidias† , he as a writer for the Daily Telegraph newspaper as an art critic. He lived in Italy in 1963, he’s into fine arts, he sees painting as a form of incarnation and a spirit man made in the world, â€Å"I am trying to paint the real world I live, as beautifully as I can with my own†¦show more content†¦There’s only one figure in this painting and it’s a lady sitting on her chair crossed legged at the left side near the door, she is the main subject matt er. There is half painted window on the right side; the window has red Curtin’s. Secondary colours and a bit of primary have been used, the wall of the house is mixed colours greyish and pinkish, the door is blue, and the boxes one is red and the other green. The pathway is dark grey. The lady’s clothes are purple; she’s also wearing pink shoes. In image B ( ‘Nighthawks’) there are Three customers sitting in a restaurant named Phillie’s with one server unlike image A , the figures are the subject matters , these figures are three males and one female siting on the beach in the cafe , the one of them the opposite directions to other two customers while the cafe worker serves them drinks. The cafe is an organic shaped, buildings are at the opposite side of the cafe. The name of the cafe is on top of the cafe’s building the letters are bold and delicate. There are chairs around the bench in the cafe. Image A B have windows, doors in their paintings. Both of them also have secondary colours. Image B’s use of colours is different to image A’s , image B has neutral colours , because the painting is night time the artist used darker colours , on the left side of the painting , where a buil ding is the colour dark red runs across the building , which pops out andShow MoreRelatedThe Lisbon Earthquake1030 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most beautiful cities in Europe. â€Å"The city retained some of its Moorish influences during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. This may be seen in the design of the streets in the quarters surrounding St. George Castle and extending as far as Rossio.†1 Before the earthquake, Baixa, the core of the city, was famous for â€Å"its narrow streets, winding alleys and densely packed wooden housing.†2 The sixteenth century was the time of the lively Manueline style, which has left its mark on two Lisbon monumentsRead More Impressionism bridge between past and future Essay2073 Words   |  9 PagesImpressionism bridge between past and future One critic described Impressionist painting as â€Å"tak[ing] a piece of canvas, colour and brush, daub[ing]a few patches of paint on it at random, and sign the whole thing with their name†. Manet, although never truly an Impressionist by style, he led artists including Monet, Degas, Renoir, Pisarro, Sisley and Cezanne, in a new artistic direction. This young group of artists, who had no real connection to each other until one critic lumpedRead More The Formal Analysis of Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix2426 Words   |  10 PagesThe Formal Analysis of Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix was born on April 26, 1798. Delacroix was the son of Charles Delacroix and Victoire Oeben. His father served for a short period of time as a minister of foreign affairs. At the time of Delacroix’s birth his father was on a mission to Holland as ambassador of the French Republic. Delacroix’s mother was a descended of artisans and craftsmen. His parents both died early. His father died inRead MoreSongs of Good and Evil1545 Words   |  7 Pages(Encyclopedia of World Biography). Blake taught Catherine to read and write, and she later became his assistant. Blake wrote Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience in 1794. With the help of his wife, Catherine, Blake hand-engraved his poems and paintings on a bronze board while his wife, Catherine, assisted with the binding and coloring of the poems (Zhan). At first, Blake experienced major hardships with his first publication of poems and did not gain any profit or positive reviews. Many peopleRead MoreKarl Marx : Societal Conflict Based On The Political And Economical Situation3046 Words   |  13 PagesMarxist critic. Women have often been the subject and object in paintings. This is because, â€Å"to be born a woman has been to be born, within an alloted and confined space, into the keeping of men† . The woman subject is always aware of being seen by the spectator whose gaze belongs to a male. Berger uncovers the relationship â€Å"between men and women but also the relation between women to themselves† . The majority of old western paintings depict the woman naked as a nude. She is nude because the maleRead MoreReaction and Analysis on Film and Stage Version of Rent5058 Words   |  21 PagesDuring this time Mark decides to finish his own film and quits his job at Buzzline However after Roger returns he finds out that Mimi has quit rehab and has gone missing. After a while, Joanne and Maureen find her at a park. She had been living on the streets. As she is about to die, Roger sings the song he has been writing over the last yearMimi is near death, but regains consciousness and says, I was heading toward this warm, white light. And I swear, Angel was thereand she looked good! [Collins laughsRead MoreAndy Warhol s Influence On Society1939 Words   |  8 Pagescovers; but he had fine-art aspirations. Adopting images from popular culture, Warhol created many paintings that remain icons of 20th-century art. Warhol’s big break finally came in 1962 with a one-man exhibition at the Ferus Gallery, in Los Angeles. 32 Campbell’s Soup Cans wa s a creation of thirty-two paintings of soup cans, each a different flavor. In 1963 Warhol established a studio at 231 East 47th Street which became known as the Factory. By 1964, the year he exhibited Brillo Soap Pads Box sculpturesRead MoreAn Analysis of Art in Ancient China, Rome, and Northern Europe2290 Words   |  9 PagesAn Analysis of Art in Ancient China, Rome, and N. Europe Introduction One thing is permanent about art throughout the ages and civilizations of time: it always expresses some aspect of the culture that produced it. So it may be seen in Renaissance Italy in Michelangelos David, or in Hellenistic Greece in the Dying Gaul. The Egyptian statue of Anubis reveals something about the spiritual belief of those ancient people, and the abstract expressionism of Kandinsky in the 20th century representsRead More Le Corbusier Essay2772 Words   |  12 Pageshouse is a machine for living in and a curved street is a donkey track, a straight street, a road for men are among his famous declarations. His books, whose essential lines of thought were born of travels and lectures hardly changed at all in 45 years, constituted a bible for succeeding generations of architects. Among the most famous are Urbanisme (1925; The City of Tomorrow, 1929), Quand les cathà ©drales à ©taient blanches (1937; When the Cathedrals Were White, 1947), La Charte dAthà ¨nes (1943)Read Mor eGothic Style and Its Influence on Modern Day Concept Arts Essay5432 Words   |  22 Pagesby using numerical value (â€Å"Quantitative Studies†). In simpler words, a qualitative approach will be conducted to study the influence of Gothic style in modern day concept art. Definition: Gothic and Concept Art Gothic Art is concerned with the painting, sculpture, architecture, and music characteristic of the second of two great international eras that flourished in western and central Europe during the Middle Ages. Gothic Art defines much of the late medieval art that grew out of the Byzantine

Target’s Australia Social Media Presence and Strategy Sample for Stude

Question: Discuss Targets Australia Social Media Presence and Strategy? Answer: Introduction Target is a famous discount retailer in the Australia slightly following in the retail business. The present competitive business environment demands the use of diverse means towards achieving a large market share in the business world. The brand has managed to market itself to the diverse target audience using various marketing strategies aimed at promoting and advertising products to its consumers. The social media presents a wide tool for creating marketing opportunities aimed at growing the awareness of the firm and consequently increasing its revenues (Paniagua Sapena, 2014). The paper looks at the diverse means through which Target Australia uses the social media to access its audience, promote its products, and obtain a significant market share. Social Media Presence Target Australia as a player ranked among the top retailers has a well-designed social strategy that cuts across the major and dominant social sites. Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Youtube, Instagram, LinkedIn, and other social media sites have a large following essential for the promotion of business ventures (Mercadal, 2014). Facebook has a growing user number of over a billion people with Twitter reaching almost half a billion with the other ones attracting large followings at their local levels. Target uses the diverse sites in creating awareness of its company and growing its brand recognition. Indeed, the firm does a lot to increase its social media presence owing to the numerous fans on the diverse pages created by the company. First, Target has a fan page on Facebook where the over 2000 likes demonstrate the level of awareness the firm has created for its business (Kaplan Haenlein, 2010). Besides having the high number of likes on the site, the firm goes beyond the likes to maintaining the high level of engagement that creates traffic to its social site. Therefore, Facebook presence proves the high rate of presence for the firm given the response and engagement by its customers. Besides, the firm has a strong presence on the Twitter site through the handle @Target, which experiences a high traffic that proves the efforts of the enterprise to increase awareness and development in business (Gaudin, 2015). Target Australia takes advantage of the offering by using the social media source to respond promptly to customer queries and interact with clients towards creating a good relationship. With the media source being wide and reaching several individuals, the firm manages to maintain a great presence on the site while meeting the needs of its clients through timely response (Albarran, 2013). Consequently, the individuals satisfied with the firm refer others to the site thereby growing the brand recognition. Moreover, the firm uses the Instagram handle in creating awareness of its products by uploading photos of the products on offer which increases the brand recognition for the business. The firm maintains the awareness by addressing the issues raised on a commodity thus remaining relevant in the market (Guth Marsh, 2016). The number of likes on the images indicates the kind of engagement that justifies the awareness rate of the firm (Percy, Elliott, Rosenbaum-Elliott, 2016). Maintaining the presence in the top three leading social sites as well as others in the local levels increases the brand name of the firm through the awareness created. Consequently, it is evident that the firm maintains a steady presence on the social media which boosts Targets brand name. Target succeeds in maintaining its presence since it attracts consumers using a 360-degree approach by remaining present in the diverse social sites (Gaudin, 2015). Therefore, it is realistic that the firm maintains a significant presence on the social media judging from the active participation by individuals as well the promise of marketing using the social media. Social Media Audience The social media is composed of diverse categories of people from all walks of life. Target as a retailer enjoys the diverse opportunity created by the social media and the nature of its business whose goods can be used by the broad category of individuals in the Australian market (Target 2017). Facebook presents a considerable percentage of the internet users in the world. The platform gives individuals the chance to reach its customers who exist on the social media (Johnson, 2016). The social media audience presents a significant market for the business of the firm who through their interaction manage to create concern and awareness of the business model (Scott, 2015). Judging from the case of numerous followers who respond and engage in conversations with the company, it is evident that the firm has a considerably high number of audiences on the social media. Besides, the social media users exist in the societies who are active consumers of the products by the firm (Fan, Gordon, 2014). In this case, the firm has a huge audience who are connected through the social sites based on the interaction levels experienced in the social media page. At the same time, the social media has a high percentage of youths who remain in active participation on the social site. As a result, the youths act as marketers for different groups thus leading to a high probability of individuals seeking and giving a referral to others thus expanding the audience for the business (Kohli, Suri Kapoor, 2015). The firm uses the social media to build its audience through advertising the products all over the social media and on their fan pages thus leading to the adoption of increased numbers of the audience for the business (Zhu Chen, 2015). The fact that the business develops products used by a broad population increases the number of audience for the firm. Social Media Marketing The social media remains one of the most active avenues in for marketing of products and services of companies. In this respect, Target benefits a lot by using the avenue to promote, market, and address the issues on products leading to customer acceptability of the products (Leonardi, 2015). Marketing is a concept that can only be viable when the right people have been targeted for marketing (Schlinke Crain, 2013). Target as a firm achieves the marketing concept through the diverse means it uses to reach its online social media individuals. The firm has a huge presence on the social media which experiences a constant interaction from most of the clients seeking help or recommending changes on a product. The platform presents huge opportunities for marketing that the firm uses to promote its products. The firm uses the channel in promotion the products it offers by taking a photo of the same and having them published. Once published, the reviewers and consumers are given a chance to comment on the products and air out their concerns leading to prompt address (Jin, Liu, Austin, 2014). In the same way, an increased number of people get to know of the products and more so the product itself. The responses given on the advertising efforts reveal the type of commitment placed on the firms use of the social media. The diverse people present get to know of the products on offer thus marketing the products as well as its brand name (Aral, Dellarocas Godes, 2013). Besides, the firm in its marketing venture considers the aspect of referrals where it asks its fans to refer clients to its business through the provision of a link that redirects individual to the main website where they can view the products and grow the possibility of becoming clients (Dijkmans, Kerkhof, Beukeboom, 2015). Besides, the firm markets its brand name by addressing the concerns of the respondents on their business offering in a way that attracts new and existing clients to the business. Satisfied customers whose queries on issues are addressed earlier tend to find favor with a firm and increase their ability to refer others to a service (Dijkmans, Kerkhof, Beukeboom, 2015). In this respect, the firm accepts the errors expressed by clients and provide a timely solution for their products. In so doing, customers tend to draw close to such businesses and increase their loyalty standards thus reaching a wide population of individuals. Communication with clients is an important marketing concept that the firm utilizes through the social media platforms. For instance, the firm has a Facebook page where it writes to inform its clients of different products and allows for complaints to be lodged where the customer support team addresses such concerns (Vernuccio, 2014). In the process of solving issues, the firm manages to reach others who upon viewing the provisions can draw a liking to the products on offer. Therefore, the communication aspect of the business manages to act positively towards marketing the products and the brand name of the firm. Moreover, the firm takes the initiative of close relationship with its clients towards furthering its marketing efforts. The firm engages in the social lives with its fans by sending them birthday wishes and other holiday gifts through the social media (Dijkmans, Kerkhof Beukeboom, 2015). The concept creates an attachment with the consumers on its fan base thus developing the aspect of inclusivity in the main business (Target, 2017). As individual develop the sense of belonging, they tend to draw closer to the business increasing their loyalty standards. Besides, the peer influence acts positively in this case, where firms upon experiencing the kind of relationship created tend to develop a liking for the business thus joining in the business. Target uses the seasonal approach to market its goods to the customers. For instance, the firm promotes back to school products on its fan pages where a link exists to its mobile app (Gaudin, 2015). In the app, the firm provides a checklist to its clients which provide ease in choosing products in its back to school campaign. A classic example of the case is in the advertisement of the goods during fathers day where the firm displayed a product and beneath left the message Give dad something he can show off! while posting the image of sunglasses, watch, and t-shirt available at its store (Gaudin, 2015). The marketing tool appeals to individuals who would most probably be convinced to purchase a product for the fathers day. Besides, it gives alternatives for customers preferring their selection; the firm in its app provides a styler tool which allows for customization of products needed (Mangold Faulds, 2009). Such provisions giving ease to the clients promote product purchase and the growth of a brand name. Furthermore, the firm promotes knowledge of its business through the social media where in its posts gives the store location of its several outlets to clients for ease of purchase. Clients can then interact and seek for stores close to their neighborhood and have the response team reply with the location. Publishing the locations across the social sites enables a strategic marketing plan of the stores which contribute to its overall business goals. Social responsibilities act as core marketing initiative that leads to product awareness to the market. The firm carries out its CSR activities to the community and publishes the images and information on a particular activity. The firm donates 5 percent of its revenues to charitable events as in the case of 'Give with Target' aimed at funding education ventures for the less fortunate (Target, 2017). Consequently, the interaction with individuals through the initiative allows for a positive image which attracts consumers to the business. Eventually, the firm posts the images of the projects in progress to increase the touch with the community. Customers and other social media users pleased with the initiative tend to rate the firm positively thus leading to potential clients and adoption of a significant market for the commodities. Ethics, Privacy, and Security Marketing on the social media calls for certain ethical considerations for the public and the end users. First, the firm stays away from controversies and biases by neutralizing their advertisements to base on pure business concepts and hence providing no alignment to along ethical, cultural, or political lines which might limit its marketability (Target, 2017). Besides, the firm considers the right to privacy and thus stays away from the use of personal email obtained from the social media sites to promote its products (Gaudin, 2015). In any case, it seeks to do so, it seeks for permission from individual users who themselves have to grant permission before execution of such actions. The firm remains transparent and explains the products it offers for marketing and the relevance of the product to their lives. Before posting a tweet, the customer car department thinks of the comment to avoid an adverse effect on the users. In this case, it considers ethical guidelines towards marketing. The considerations allow the firm to propel in the market as it stays away from controversy while responding to the market demands adequately. Social Media Technologies Target uses several social media technologies in its business for marketing, creating awareness, and interacting with its clients. Facebook is the widely used technology by the firm where it shares blogs of its products, events, and updates on the business ventures (Target, 2017). Besides, it shares pictures on the firms activities, shares social responsibilities done by the firm, and posting videos of the same. At the same time, it posts poll questions on the services provided thus finding statistics on the product development (Target, 2017). Moreover, the firm uses the technology through an event page where all the information for the firm remains open to the public. On the other hand, the firm uses LinkedIn in running its advertisements and registers events while checking the profile of the attendees. Besides, it uses the site to create a LinkedIn group for different events and promote its products through the same avenue. In the same line, the firm uses Twitter by creating dedicated event hashtags where views and suggestions on the event and be communicated by individuals towards spreading awareness (Target, 2017). At the same time, photos advertising products can be posted on the social media thereby reaching out to several people in the society. The tweets remain relevant to the business thus promoting the activities and revenue stream of the business. Youtube and Flickr remain essential sites for posting videos of the firms presentations and social activities aimed at marketing and creating awareness of the business (Target, 2017). Conclusion Target Australia as a firm makes good use of the social media as an avenue to marketing products in the competitive world. The firm manages to meet the diverse needs of its clients by maintaining a large presence on the sites that have huge followings more so by its clients. Besides, it uses the avenue to create awareness of the upcoming events and products which end up popularizing the stores to individuals. The firm manages to stand out from the rest of the businesses by advertising to the present diverse audience on the social media. In this respect, the firm engages its customers in interactive talks and chats that lead to awareness creation on the diverse products sold by the firm. The careful selection of sites and ethical considerations are essential towards its productivity. Therefore, it is evident that the firm remains ahead in the use of the latest technology provisions to meet and resolve concerns raised by clients concerning its business. References Albarran, A. B. (2013).The social media industries. Routledge. Aral, S., Dellarocas, C., Godes, D. (2013). Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), 3-13. Dijkmans, C., Kerkhof, P., Beukeboom, C. J. (2015). A stage to engage: Social media use and corporate reputation.Tourism Management,47, 58-67. Dijkmans, C., Kerkhof, P., Beukeboom, C. J. (2015). A stage to engage: Social media use and corporate reputation.Tourism Management,47, 58-67. Fan, W., Gordon, M. D. (2014). The power of social media analytics.Communications of the ACM,57(6), 74-81. Gaudin, S. (2015). 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Communicating corporate brands through social media: An exploratory study.International Journal of Business Communication,51(3), 211-233. Zhu, Y. Q., Chen, H. G. (2015). Social media and human need satisfaction: Implications for social media marketing.Business horizons,58(3), 335-345